URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN
TURKEY
Urban Transformation in Turkey
occurred in unplanned structuring within the city is seen as the solution to
the landscaping of the physical and social degradation. The concept of plan
Urban Transformation 'has come to the fore as an important instrument of urban
planning. Urban transformation projects are an urgent need, first of all our
big cities. Urban transformation policies aim to ensure that urban people live
in a healthy, quality and balanced environment. Especially in our big cities,
overpopulation accumulates irregular and distorted constructions. Urban
transformation projects are being produced in order to prevent such
negativities and to eliminate the existing problems and to create healthy,
regular and livable cities.
In a changing world, influenced by
developments in information and communication technologies, cities need to tell
themselves to the world beyond their physical boundaries. In this respect,
there are urban renewal activities under the name of urban transformation in
Turkey as well as in the world in recent years. Thus, when urban transformation
is made, non-functional areas are renewed, old-new harmonized, unplanned and
developed urban parts are controlled and reconstructed within a certain order. The
regions, which are seen as problematic in the cities, will be reorganized and a
different air will be brought to the city.
Urban regeneration is not only the construction
of new buildings, also includes renovation works and gentrification of the
city. Urban transformation studies in our country started late compared to
Europe and the world The first urban transformation studies in our country were
carried out as a Dikmen Valley Urban Development Project in Ankara in the late
1980s.
Our study consists of five parts. In
the first chapter, the concept of urban transformation, its development and its
aims. In the second chapter, the scope of urban transformation, the types of
urban transformation, the ongoing and planned projects will be discussed. In
the third chapter, the legal basis of urban transformation will be discussed.
In the fourth chapter, the positive and negative aspects of urban
transformation and the fact of earthquake will be mentioned. The final section
is designed as a result and evaluation.
SCOPE OF THE URBAN
TRANSFORMATION, TYPES, COMPLETED AND PLANNED PROJECTS
In the Article 73 of the Municipal Law
No. 5393, it is required that the site be located within the boundaries of the
municipality or the contiguous area and it should be at least 50.000 m² in
order to be declared as an area of urban transformation. Besides, it is stated
that with the reconstruction and restoration of the old and worn areas in
accordance with the development of the city, new residential, industrial and
commercial areas, technology parks, building social facilities, taking measures
against the earthquake risk and implementing transformation projects to protect
the historical-cultural texture. There is no provision on the criteria of the
urban parts to be transformed according to which criteria and by whom. With the
Law No. 5366, it is not known which criteria will be determined according to
the criteria of the areas which are worn out and will be prevented. Sönmez,
Şanlı, 2010: 67)
The most common use of urban
transformation as an urban renewal model in our country is the restructuring of
slum areas (Dündar, 2006: 65-74). Urban regeneration practices are generally
unavailable, lost their historical texture, collapsed areas and
rehabilitation-development plans, and the transformation of unreformed squatter
areas to be used as the arrangement and use. However, with the liberal economic
policies followed in the 1980s, the urban transformation practices that have
been on the agenda of our country have increased and transformation has been
accelerated with the improvement of participatory discourse with the
cooperation of the public private sector, and the only alternative is the
improvement-zoning plans (Uludağ and Özer, 2006: 35’42).
Urban regeneration, especially the
over-migration of metropolises such as Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir, such as a
ring around the surrounding areas of the development and development of the
development of the slums, will bring vitality to the cities as well as economic
social and cultural problems, which may be a package of measures to bring
solutions. Old city parts, which are rich in cultural heritage but left empty
and neglected for various reasons, have been destroyed by using them in a way
that is wrong and damaging, and which has been developed in the future and
which are composed of modified building groups, are the areas where urban
transformation is necessary with poor quality features around them. While
trying to create a healthy urban environment by renewing and re-functionalizing
the old city parts that are trying to be based on economic developments, it
should be ensured that the unplanned urban parts are taken under control and
reconstructed (Özden, 2001: 4).
Article 56 of the Constitution
provides for the establishment of organizational schemes within the framework
of the task of urban regeneration projects and the local governments to realize
the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment, and to provide the
necessary financial opportunities and participation in the realization of the
right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. Urban regeneration is
responsible for urban regeneration projects in a process that can be realized
within the scope of a strategy. In order for urban transformation to be more
sound and future oriented, local governments should realize their task of
creating transformation projects by sharing them with different institutions
and organizations according to the physical, spatial, economic and socio -
cultural characteristics of the area. Local governments should work in
cooperation with a cultur Advisory Board gerek participation group, which
extends from the expert to the management, to the representatives of
professional chambers and to private persons, in order to protect and observe
the urban cultural heritage, in the decision-making process and the
implementation phases, they should move (Captain, 1981: 83).
Types of Urban
Transformation
We can collect Urban Transformation Types under four
headings.
LEGAL RESOURCES OF URBAN
TRANSFORMATION
Article 56 of the Constitution; Ve
that everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment and
that improving the environment is the duty of the state and citizens “, Article
57; that the state is obliged to take measures to meet the housing needs within
the framework of a planning framework that considers the characteristics of the
cities and the environmental conditions “.It is observed that legal issues have
been revised regarding the programs and projects, and the missing points have
been tried to be solved especially since 2003. In addition to the laws
enumerated below, the new Decree Law No. 644 and 648 and the newly created
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization are also authorized for Urban
Transformation.
1.
Municipal
Law No. 5393-73. Article (2005)
2.
The
Law on the Metropolitan Municipality of 5216 (2012)
3.
Law
No. 5366 on the Protection and Protection of Historical and Cultural Immovable
Properties by Using Renewable and Natural Properties (2005)
4.
Law
No. 6306 on the Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk (2012)
5.
5104
North Ankara Entrance Urban Transformation Project law (2004)
6.
Law
No. 1164 and Amendments to the Law No. 5273
7.
The
Slum Law No. 775 (1976)
8.
Zoning
Amnesty Act No. 2981 (1984)
CONCLUSION
Now a serious turning point has been reached.
Urban transformation is as important as the constitution; Because at least as
far as the results the constitution affects our lives. urban infrastructure in
Turkey, transport, social reinforcement areas, building quality and because of
the earthquake are experiencing serious problems of urbanization Work is needed
to place our people in healthier, safer and more peaceful cities. Many big
cities are facing similar problems and quality of life is decreasing day by day
and life is becoming unbearable for our people.
The earthquake remains in front of us.
We should not forget the reality of earthquakes and disaster for a more
healthy, sustainable and livable urbanism that will ensure the social peace of
our country and to run our economy. In doing so, we must take advantage of our
urbanism heritage and the urbanism that the world comes from. Sociologist,
psychologist, city historian, public administrators, economists, architects,
engineers and city planners to contribute to the social consensus that will
increase our democracy, we must design our cities. We must work together for
more sustainable and livable cities that will carry us from today to the
future, where the environment, human and economy are well blended.
